Overview

Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, the sac-like membrane that surrounds the heart. This condition can cause various symptoms, some of which can be quite severe. Pericarditis can be classified into three types:

  1. Acute Pericarditis: The most common type, usually caused by a viral infection.
  2. Chronic Pericarditis: This occurs when the inflammation persists for several months or recurs frequently.
  3. Constrictive Pericarditis: A rare condition where the pericardium becomes thickened and scarred, limiting the heart’s ability to pump blood effectively.

Several factors can contribute to the development of pericarditis, including:

  • Viral Infections: Viruses such as influenza, Epstein-Barr, and Coxsackie virus.
  • Heart Attacks: Pericarditis can occur as a complication following a heart attack (Dressler’s syndrome).
  • Open Heart Surgery: Pericarditis may develop shortly after heart surgery.
  • Autoimmune Diseases: Conditions like lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis increase the risk.
  • Other Causes: Trauma to the chest, certain medications, and some cancers can also trigger pericarditis.

Symptoms

The symptoms of pericarditis can vary depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Common signs and symptoms include:

  • Chest Pain: Often sharp and stabbing, worsened by deep breaths or swallowing, and sometimes relieved by sitting forward.
  • Fever: Especially common in viral pericarditis.
  • Shortness of Breath: Difficulty breathing, particularly when lying down.
  • Dry Cough: A persistent dry cough may occur.
  • Pericardial Friction Rub: A grating sound heard with a stethoscope as the inflamed pericardium rubs against the heart muscle.
  • Pericardial Effusion: Accumulation of fluid in the pericardium, which can compress the heart and cause additional symptoms.

While pericarditis is sometimes benign, the severity of symptoms depends on the underlying cause and inflammation. If you experience these symptoms, consulting a cardiologist is crucial for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

Treatments

Treatment for pericarditis depends on the cause and severity of the condition. In many cases, it can resolve with supportive care. However, medical intervention is often necessary:

  • Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): To reduce inflammation and alleviate pain.
  • Aspirin: Large doses of aspirin can help reduce inflammation in cases of pericarditis.
  • Colchicine: Often used alongside NSAIDs to prevent recurrent pericarditis.
  • Corticosteroids: In severe cases, corticosteroids may be prescribed to reduce inflammation.
  • Pericardiocentesis: A procedure where a needle is used to drain excess fluid from the pericardium, particularly in cases of pericardial effusion.
  • Pericardiectomy: In rare cases, surgery to remove the pericardium may be necessary, especially in constrictive pericarditis.

With the right treatment, most cases of pericarditis can be managed effectively. It is important to work with an experienced cardiologist, such as Dr. Fady Turquieh, to determine the best treatment plan tailored to your condition.